| The ability to fine-tune the reaction conditions (temperature, solvents, ligands, bases and other additives) of palladium catalysts makes palladium catalysis an extremely versatile tool in organic chemical synthesis. Furthermore, palladium catalysts have a very high tolerance of various functional groups and often are able to provide excellent stereo- and regiospecificity, which helps to avoid the need for the introduction of protecting groups. This highly versatile group of catalysts is known for carbon bond forming reactions (primarily C-C, C-O, C-N and C-F), such as: Heck coupling, Suzuki coupling, Stille coupling, Hiyama coupling, Sonogashira coupling, Negishi coupling, Buchwald-Hartwig amination just to name a few. |
